Pregnancy Calendar at Week 22

What's Happening with the Baby

22 weeks pregnant - that's 5.5 months according to the obstetric term and 5 months since conception. The fetus is actively developing, and right now, its appearance isn't much different from a preterm newborn, despite some minor proportional imperfections. The fetus measures about 28-30 cm in length and weighs between 420-500 grams. Some key developmental features at 22 weeks include:

active movements regardless of whether the woman is resting or awake;
formation of eyebrows - they are still white and colorless due to a lack of melanin;
improvement of reflexes and strengthening of the central nervous system - movements become more coordinated and deliberate;
the baby's eyes open.

The fetus is actively preparing for life outside the womb, but if premature birth occurs, it is extremely difficult to save the baby due to the immaturity of all organ structures and systems. Even if life can be preserved, the risk of disability is very high.

At 22 weeks, the intensity of brain development slows down, but the cortex, subcortical layer, and structures responsible for sensations are forming - the baby starts to suck its thumb.

The baby increasingly responds with movements to loud sounds, bright lights, and possible discomfort. Constant active movements of the fetus should alert the woman, as this may be a sign of distress or intrauterine hypoxia.

What's Happening with Mom

Week 22 is marked by a relative calm. A healthy woman’s well-being stabilizes, breathing improves, energy levels increase, and nausea disappears. However, the body is constantly changing.

Uterus and Belly

The uterus continues to expand, its walls thin out, and the top of the uterus rises about 2-2.3 cm above the navel. In the case of a multiple pregnancy, these measurements are slightly larger, but not significantly. The growing uterus presses directly against the diaphragm, which can cause breathing difficulties and shortness of breath. The belly also increases in size, with measurements depending on the woman's build and weight. The circumference of a pregnant woman's belly increases by almost 1 cm each month.

Vaginal Discharge

At 22 weeks, discharge is light, moderately mucous, and has a slightly acidic smell. If the discharge changes to yellowish or greenish, it could indicate an infection. The volume of discharge may increase slightly, which can be due to a small amount of amniotic fluid leakage (a minor amount is normal). There should be no brown or bloody discharge—any suspicion, even minor, should be checked in a hospital setting.

Changes in a Woman's Weight

Normally, weight gain should not exceed 300 grams per week. By the 5th month of pregnancy, women typically gain almost 5.5-6 kg. The body weight includes the weight of the fetus, the volume of the uterus, blood flow, and amniotic fluid. A sudden increase in body weight or significant weight gain by the 22nd week requires additional diagnostics to avoid gestational complications such as diabetes, polyhydramnios, and preeclampsia due to generalized edema.

Breast Changes

Women, even those with a normal or slender build, notice an increase in breast size, and the breasts become heavier. The nipples swell, and the areolas change color, becoming brown. Colostrum may be secreted from the nipples as the milk ducts prepare for upcoming lactation under the influence of the hormone prolactin. Women are advised to maintain hygiene, wear comfortable underwear, and under no circumstances should they express the secretions from their nipples to avoid complications.

Skin Changes

Women may notice the first stretch marks due to increased skin dryness. The stretching of the abdominal skin leads to itching and tension. To minimize these sensations, it is recommended to regularly apply moisturizing creams or oils to the skin. Under the influence of hormones, the vertical line from the navel to the pubic area, which divides the abdomen into two parts, darkens. By the end of the second trimester, it will become very noticeable. Women experience an increase in melanin levels, which manifests as skin pigmentation.

Gait

A woman's body is constantly preparing for childbirth. Under the weight of the uterus, the bones of the pelvic floor start to prepare for expansion, becoming more mobile, which is why a woman's walk may resemble a "waddle."

All these physiological changes are normal and characterize not only the 22nd week of pregnancy but the entire second trimester. As the fetus develops, these sensations may intensify or diminish.

Development of Twins

In a healthy multiple pregnancy, twins typically have a slight weight difference - one baby is a bit larger than the other, but both are relatively small, weighing around 400 and 450 grams respectively. Their body length barely reaches 28 cm. The lungs of both babies are formed, but independent breathing is not yet possible. Subcutaneous fat tissue is developing under their skin. The skin is still wrinkled, and the head is somewhat larger than the body due to the active growth of the head's vascular structures and the brain. The twins move around, quiet down, and respond to noises and bright light.

Medical Examination

At 22 weeks, routine check-ups are conducted. It is crucial for the woman to visit her OB-GYN clinic on time to detect any potential issues early.

Doctors

primary obstetrician-gynecologist;
general practitioner;
pediatrician at the children's clinic;
dentist for oral health assessment and possible treatment;
ENT specialist;
ophthalmologist.

If the clinical history is complicated, consultations with specialized doctors may be necessary. If treatment is needed, the 22nd week is a favorable period.

Tests

blood test for hCG - abnormal levels can indicate pregnancy complications;
free estriol - a hormone that assesses uterine development;
alpha-fetoprotein, which ensures the growth and normal development of the fetus;
genetic blood test for developmental pathologies of organs and systems (Down syndrome is mandatory, others as indicated);
general blood and urine tests.

Genetic tests are conducted based on specific indications. If a geneticist suspects high risks of intrauterine developmental defects, invasive diagnostics such as amniotic fluid testing (amniocentesis) may be offered to the woman.

Examinations

Ultrasound. The second scheduled ultrasound to determine the criteria for normal fetal development, the condition of the uterus, and the placenta. The diagnostic doctor evaluates the state and volume of amniotic fluid, the structure of the placental barrier, and the umbilical cord.
Doppler Ultrasound. An ultrasound that studies blood flow and the condition of the umbilical cord and placenta vessels. This examination helps assess not only the nature of blood flow but also to rule out potential intrauterine hypoxia.
Cardiotocography. This method involves recording the fetal heart rate, with the results displayed on paper as a chart. If necessary, the procedure is repeated. The results are always compared with obstetric auscultation using a special tube.
Cardiointervalography. A rare method of examination required when there is a suspicion of congenital heart defects in the fetus or in ambiguous cases.

The doctor evaluates the condition of the fetus and the woman based on a combination of all types of instrumental and laboratory tests, previous obstetric history, and medical history. Additional tests are prescribed if necessary.

Pregnancy Challenges

At 22 weeks of pregnancy, the following risks and complications are possible:

Preterm Birth

Babies born at this stage have a low survival rate due to underdeveloped internal organs and systems, so this period is often referred to as a miscarriage. Factors that can trigger this pathology include placental insufficiency, amniotic fluid infection, and severe developmental abnormalities of internal organs.

Missed Miscarriage

Intrauterine fetal death is a life-threatening condition for the woman, as the decomposition of the deceased baby's tissues can lead to peritonitis and generalized sepsis. Fetal death can result from many factors, with women who have had complicated pregnancies, similar outcomes in previous pregnancies, or stillbirths being at higher risk.

Oligohydramnios

This condition is recorded from 22-23 weeks and is characterized by a low amniotic fluid index, leading to fetal developmental defects and death. The primary cause is reduced functionality of the placental barrier.

Polyhydramnios

This condition is much more common than oligohydramnios. It is often caused by maternal factors (infections, diseases) or chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus. Mild polyhydramnios requires monitoring, while severe cases necessitate hospitalization of the woman.

Modern medicine successfully treats many diseases and pathological conditions that can pose a threat to the life of the fetus and the mother. The key aspect in achieving high rates of healthy births is timely examination of the woman and regular visits to a specialist.

What You Can and Can't Do

Pregnancy imposes certain restrictions on the life of the expectant mother, as the overall well-being directly depends on her. At 22 weeks, it's important to pay close attention to the dos and don'ts.

What the Expectant Mom CAN Do:

Reduce physical exertion and replace it with long walks;
Take vitamins appropriate for the 22-week mark;
Engage in sexual activity if there are no unpleasant sensations or risk of miscarriage;
Prepare for childbirth by attending training sessions for expectant mothers;
Work, but ensure the job does not involve physical labor, high stress, fatigue, or prolonged static positions;
Treat dental and other health issues - the 22nd week is a favorable period as the placenta is formed and securely protects the fetus from some external influences.

What the Expectant Mom CAN'T Do:

Physical exercises that involve straining, lifting weights, and strength training;
Consuming alcohol (even wine, even in small amounts);
Avoiding aggressive foods, especially fast food, preserved foods, and products that increase the risk of bloating and constipation;
Visiting baths, saunas, and steam rooms - the strain on the cardiovascular system increases the risk of fainting, hypertensive crises, and miscarriage;
Attending late-night parties - noisy gatherings irritate the central nervous system, causing anxiety and fetal movement;
Being in crowded places during flu and viral infection outbreaks;
Taking medications without a doctor's prescription (NSAIDs, antispasmodics, analgesics, antibiotics);
Engaging in unprotected sex, especially if there's a risk of miscarriage, pain, or practicing aggressive sexual positions.

Women should pay special attention to the growing fetus - the connection with the baby is now felt in real life. It is crucial to eliminate stress factors as they can cause psycho-emotional disorders.

Proper Nutrition

Healthy eating isn't just about bland hospital meatballs steamed without salt and spices. It's important to pay special attention to your diet, balancing and diversifying it. At 22 weeks of pregnancy, it's recommended to:

prepare food by boiling, stewing, baking, or steaming;
eat frequent small meals;
consume freshly squeezed juices, fruits, and berries daily;
alternate between seafood and meat in your diet as they are sources of protein, amino acids, and vitamin A;
eat cottage cheese, sour cream, cheese, and drink fermented dairy products at least 3-4 times a week as they are sources of calcium, which is essential for both the baby and the mother throughout pregnancy;
garnish your food with fresh herbs and spices (basil, cumin, sesame);
maintain an adequate hydration routine, especially if you have issues with swelling.

A healthy diet provides 45% of the necessary vitamins and minerals for the growing fetus. A proper approach to nutrition can prevent nausea, constipation, diarrhea, and excessive gas.

A varied diet will only improve the quality of life for the mother. You can streamline meal preparation by planning a weekly menu in advance. It's best to cook at home so you know exactly what ingredients are in your dishes. Choosing simple recipes is key to a healthy diet for the whole family.

Need for Vitamins and Minerals

The need for vitamins and minerals for a woman to develop a healthy child remains relevant:

Vitamin A

Daily requirement - 2000-3000 IU. Vitamin A is responsible for bone growth and formation, vision, and skin health. When it comes to diet, focus on fish oil (salmon, cod, sturgeon, seafood), beef liver, and carrot-apple juice with cream (this drink perfectly absorbs all the beta-carotene).

Vitamin B9

Daily requirement - 300-500 mg. It is responsible for the proper functioning of the neural tube and strengthening the central nervous system as a whole. It is sufficiently found in sunflower seeds, soybeans, cod liver, parsley, and avocado.

Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

Daily requirement - 1.5-2 mg. It is responsible for metabolic processes and is necessary for the health of joints and muscle structures. You should include sunflower seeds, pumpkin seeds, nuts, dried fruits, peeled peas, and halva in your diet.

Vitamin B2

Daily requirement - 1.5-2 mg. It is responsible for the proper absorption of mineral complexes, retinol, or beta-carotene, and is necessary for the quality composition of blood and the development of connective tissue. High concentrations are found in powdered milk, dried white mushrooms, beef kidneys, and chicken hearts.

Vitamin B3

Daily requirement - 20-30 mg. It plays a role in metabolism, fat and carbohydrate absorption, and is beneficial for detoxification of any kind. Niacin lowers cholesterol levels and normalizes metabolic processes. It can be found in peanuts, tuna, bran, chicken and quail eggs, rabbit meat, and poultry.

Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)

Daily requirement - 5-10 mg. Essential for restoring metabolism, regulating protein-fat balance, and lowering cholesterol. It is found in chickpeas, lentils, wheat bran, whole grain bread, mackerel, and walnuts.

Vitamin B7

Daily requirement - 200 mg. Responsible for skin health, strengthens the nervous system, and acts as a carrier for some B vitamins. It is found in strawberries, melons, peaches, legumes, meat, and meat by-products.

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

Daily requirement - 70-100 mg. Ascorbic acid has pronounced antioxidant and strengthening effects, and stimulates both local and systemic immunity. High concentrations are found in lemon zest, tangerines, grapefruits, sea buckthorn, black currants, sorrel, and rosehip broth (without sugar).

Vitamin D

Daily requirement - 10-50 mcg, the dose may be increased in regions with short daylight hours and cold climates. It prevents skeletal deformities and reduces the incidence of rickets in children under one year old. Found in fatty herring, cod, and fish oil. If necessary, a vitamin D3 solution is prescribed.

Vitamin E (tocopherol)

Daily requirement - 10-20 mg. Needed to prevent intrauterine hypoxia of the fetus, for the normal formation of connective tissue, lung and other organ structures, and skin. Found in high concentrations in vegetable oil, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, halva, hazelnuts, cashews, and walnuts.

Vitamin K

Daily requirement - 150 mcg. Essential for healthy cardiovascular function, prevention of hypoxia, and prevention of skeletal bone development disorders. Found in all greens, nuts, dried fruits, cabbage, pomegranates, cucumbers, and blueberries.

Vitamin P

Daily requirement - 50 mg. Prevents fetal developmental defects of internal organs, miscarriages, and premature births, normalizes thyroid function, and strengthens the cardiovascular system. Found in apples, cherries, red peppers, tomatoes, sorrel, and beets.

Iron

Daily requirement - at least 30 mg. Iron balance ensures the health of blood-forming organs, maintains a normal qualitative and quantitative blood composition, and prevents intrauterine hypoxia and iron deficiency anemia in women. It is found in meat by-products (liver, kidneys, hearts), barley, soy, oysters, egg yolk, lean poultry meat, and rabbit.

Iodine

Daily requirement - 150-200 mcg. Necessary for the normal function of the thyroid gland and pituitary gland, required regardless of pregnancy term. If needed, supplement multivitamin intake with additional iodine preparations. Found in sea fish, seaweed, seafood, and fish oil.

Selenium

Daily requirement - 55-70 mg. Responsible for strengthening muscle tissue, joint, and cartilage structures. Found in grains, oat bran, cottage cheese, pink salmon, and chickpeas.

Copper

Daily requirement - 1000-1500 mcg. An important trace element responsible for the condition of the heart, blood vessels, and stable hemodynamics. Copper deficiency can lead to skin and mucous membrane pathologies. Copper prevents the development of iron deficiency anemia and hypoxia. Found in peanuts, whole wheat pasta, buckwheat, rice, walnuts, and young potatoes.

Calcium

The daily requirement is 500 mg, but for women with hypocalcemia, it's 1000 mg. It is essential for the health of the musculoskeletal system, proper skeletal formation, and fetal growth. It can be found in homemade cottage cheese, whole milk, fermented dairy products, and homemade yogurt. If you are lactose intolerant, it's recommended to take calcium gluconate supplements.

Magnesium

The daily requirement is 400-500 mg. It's necessary for preventing kidney development abnormalities, chronic kidney failure, and liver and pancreas issues. It is abundant in sesame seeds, oat bran, buckwheat and flaxseed flour, pine nuts, and powdered milk.

Zinc

The daily requirement is 12-15 mg. This trace element is actively involved in osteogenesis and is essential for the health of the hematopoietic system and the quality and quantity of blood. It can be found in cheeses (Gouda, Swiss, Cheddar), egg powder, pine nuts, beef, and chicken.

Phosphorus

The daily requirement is 1000-1500 mcg. It's necessary for proper metabolism, normal development of the fetal gastrointestinal tract, and prevention of osteogenesis disorders. It can be found in tomatoes, sesame seeds, red caviar, buckwheat, raspberries, dried fruits, and nuts.

Sodium

The daily requirement is 500 mg, and if necessary, the dose can be increased to 1000 mg. It is essential for maintaining a stable water-electrolyte balance in blood plasma and helps form a healthy nervous system. Exceeding the dose increases the risk of edema. It is found in sea salt or table salt, sea fish, and salty cheeses.

Silicon

The daily requirement is 30-50 mg. It boosts the body's immune defense, prevents the development of gestational nephropathies and diabetes. It has antioxidant and detoxifying properties. It is found in large quantities in rice, oats, beans, and wheat sprouts.

Cobalt

The daily requirement is 50 mcg. This trace element is involved in blood formation, prevents anemia, stabilizes hemoglobin levels, and increases the body's natural ferritin reserves. It is found in chicken breast, white grapes, beef liver, and turkey.

Chromium

The daily requirement is 50 mcg. It prevents gestational diabetes, actively participates in the normal metabolism of proteins, fats, and carbohydrates, and is indispensable for blood health. It is found in tuna, pink salmon, roach, pollock, mackerel, and other fish, cheeses, and meat products.

The importance of vitamins and minerals requires a smart approach to daily diet planning – variety, balance, and moderation.

Helpful Tips

The future baby and its arrival into the world should be the primary focus for a woman. If her job involves heavy physical labor, static body positions, or increases the risk of pregnancy complications, she should consider taking maternity leave early.

It's crucial for a man to be involved in the woman's life throughout the entire pregnancy. At 22 weeks, he should be understanding of changes in her emotional and psychological state, which are caused by hormonal surges. In many cases, a man's involvement, understanding, and love can reduce the likelihood of postpartum depression, lower stress levels, and ensure the birth of a healthy and happy child.

Exercises for Expecting Moms

Fitness for pregnant women at 22 weeks helps keep the body toned, tighten muscles, and prepare the body for childbirth. Women are still active, so the workout program can include the following exercises:

Swimming and aqua aerobics;
Dynamic exercises like dance and rhythmic movements;
Pilates - an ideal method for stretching muscles;
Yoga - reduces stress, relaxes muscles, and eases muscle tension;
Physical exercises using dumbbells weighing no more than 1-2 pounds.

Special attention is given to exercises for the pelvic area, which improves blood flow, provides the baby with oxygen, and enhances the woman's hemodynamics. During this period, you can start practicing Kegel exercises to strengthen the vaginal muscles - this helps prevent tears during natural childbirth.

Discomforts During Pregnancy

Back and Lower Back Pain

The discomfort is caused by increased strain on the spine, especially if the mother has osteochondrosis. The growing belly shifts the axial load, forcing the woman to constantly balance by arching her back. Wearing braces and supportive corsets can help reduce the pain.

Constipation and Bowel Irregularities

The compression of intestinal sections by the uterus leads to the stagnation of fecal matter, causing internal intoxication. Pregnant women should avoid fresh pastries, maintain proper hydration, and eat small portions to help the digestive tract function more efficiently. Natural laxatives may be prescribed if necessary.

Dizziness and Headaches

The compression of the vena cava by the growing uterus can disrupt the oxygen supply to the brain, causing dizziness. A serious complication is preeclampsia, which can lead to dizziness with spots before the eyes and fainting. An increase in blood volume can result in hypo- or hypertension, which is often accompanied by headaches.

Stomach Issues

Pregnant women often face major problems like heartburn, bloating, indigestion, and difficulty digesting food in the stomach. The growing uterus and pressure on the diaphragm almost always cause a burning sensation in the stomach. The situation gets worse if there are existing gastrointestinal issues.

Lower Abdominal Pain

Burning sensations in the lower abdomen can be caused by uterine hypertonicity, increased fetal activity, or stretching of the uterine muscles. Physiological pains are moderate and subside when changing body position. Intense, persistent pain is a reason to urgently consult a doctor. Some women start experiencing their first Braxton Hicks contractions at 22 weeks, but these are brief and infrequent.

Pain Above the Pubic Area, in the Pubic Bone

Pain in the pubic bone is caused by the gradual changes in the anatomy of the pelvic bones. The bones start to separate, and a woman’s gait changes. The discomfort is especially pronounced after long walks, sitting in one place for extended periods, and in the morning hours after waking up. You can reduce the unpleasant sensations with moderate exercise and workouts on a fitness ball.

Urination

Almost all pregnant women at 22 weeks start to notice frequent urination, which is due to physiological processes—the growing fetus puts pressure on the bladder and ureters. It's important to empty the bladder in a timely manner to avoid infections and the development of cystitis. Frequent painful urination also indicates the beginning of a pathological process, and a specialist consultation is required.

Checklist

Normalize your sleep, rest, and wakefulness schedule;
Maintain proper hydration - by the 22nd week, you might start experiencing the first signs of swelling;
Follow a protective regimen to avoid infections, colds, and respiratory illnesses;
Avoid getting too cold;
Visit your healthcare provider regularly, get your tests done, complete the second screening, and attend scheduled check-ups;
Eliminate stress factors - spend your free time on pleasant activities related to preparing for childbirth;
Attend prenatal classes to ease the birthing process and support subsequent lactation;
Sex with your partner should be enjoyable - avoid it if you experience discomfort, pain, or unusual discharge;
Regularly take vitamin supplements and maintain a disciplined diet.